ASSIGNMENT OF NUTRITIONAL CHEMISTRY

MEMBER OF GROUP :

FITRI MAULIDA SARAGI (409332018)

IKA IRAYANI (409332008)

LIA ISTI INDRIYANI(409332023)

MASITHO PURNAMA SARI(409332025)

RAHMI WARDHA LUBIS(409332028)

RAJA IHOT SIAHAAN (409332029)

SITI RAHMAH(409332030)

Question :

1. Which vitamin act as hormone in active form?

2. Which vitamin has been shown to be terratogenic when use in excess ?

3. What vitamin provide protection against free radical within membrane cells?

4. Name a vitamin that help to destroy free radicals within the cytosol ?

5. The food of nutrition board of the national academy of science recognize with substance as the water soluble vitamin ?

6. Name at least two vitamins that tend to be destroyed by poolong cooking ?

7. Which vitamin prevent beri – beri?

8. Which vitamin when taken during all before pregnancy protection against neuraltube defense ?

9. What criteria makes the distinction between mineral and trace elements ?

10. Name and give the chemical forms of the six mineral !

11. Make a table of the ten trace element and at least one particular function of each !

12. What kind be the bodies respon to an iodine deficient diet ?

Solution :

1. The vitamin that act as hormone is vitamin D. Vitamin D is carried in the bloodstream to the liver, where it is converted into the prohormone calcidiol. Circulating calcidiol converted into calcitriol. When synthesized in the kidneys, calcitriol circulates as a hormone, regulating among other things.

2. The vitamin that can cause teratogenic when use in excess is vitamin A. Some and maybe all forms of vitamin A when taken in excess are also know to be teratogenic (they cause birth defects). So it is not recommended vitamin supplements with extra vitamin A be taken by pregnant woman.

3. Vitamin that provide protection against free radicals within membrane cell is vitamin E. Because β carotene and vitamin E are both fat soluble. They are actually able to enter the lipid rich environment of the membrane to protect the membrane.

4. Vitamin C, because vitamin C is also a destroyer of free radicals. Because it is water –soluble, it is able to do this work within a cell’s cytosol.

5. The water-soluble vitamins are vitamin C, cholin, thiamine riboflavin, nicotinamide, folate, vitamin B₆, vitamin B₁₂, pentothenic acid, and biotin. These are the water-soluble vitamins recognized by the food and nutritionboard.

6.

a. Niacin, meaning both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, is essential . For nearly, all biological oxidations. Prolonged cooking destroys niacid.

b. Vitamin C is present in citrus fruits, potatoes, leafy vegetables, and tomatoes. It is destroy by extended cooking, heating over stream tables, or prolonged exposure to air or to ions or copper.

7. Thiamine (B₁) is needed for the break down of carbohydrates. It is defiency disease is ‘beri beri’, a disorder of the nervous system.

8. Folate is the name used by the food and nutrition board for folic acid and related compounds its use duringthe first four weeks of pregnancy was particularly important. A large controlled study in bungary showed that vitamin-minerals supplement, including folic acid, resulted in 50 % fewer congenifal. Malformations of all kinds, when taken prior to pregnancy.

9. The distinction between a mineral and trace element is matter of quantity.

a) Minerals are needed at levels at 100 mg/day or more, example : calcium (Ca²⁺), phosphorus, magnesium (Mg²⁺) and sodium (Na⁺)

b) The trace elements are needed at levels at 20 mg/day or less, example : fluorine, iodine, chromium, iron.

10. The minerals are :

Calcium (Ca²⁺)

Phosphorus (phosphate ion, P)

Magnesium (Mg²⁺)

Sodium (Na⁺)

Potassium (K⁺)

Chlorine (Cl^-)

11.

NO	TRACE ELEMENT	FUNCTION
1	Fluorine (as fluoride ion)	Essentials to the growth and development sound teeth
2	Iodine (as iodide ion)	Essentials in the synthesis of the certain hormones made by the thyroid gland
3	Chromium (Cr3+)	Is required for the work of insulin and normal glucose metabolism
4	Manganese (Mn2+)	Is required for normal nerve function, for the development of sound bones, and reproduction
5	Iron (Fe2+)	Is essentials cofactor for heme certain cytochromes, and the iron sulfur proteins
6	Cobalt (Co2+)	Without it there can be anemia and growth retardation
7	Copper (Cu2+)	It deficient in copper, the individual synthesizes lower-strength collagen and elastin and will tent to suffer anemia, skeletal defects, and degeneration of the myelin sheaths of nerve cells
8	Zinc (Zn2+)	Is required for the activities of several enzymes
9	Selenium	It is needed for thyroid hormone action
10	Molybdenum	Is required for the metabolism of nucleic acids as well as in some enzymes that catalyze oxidations

12. Iodine (as iodide ion) is essentials in the synthesis of certain hormones made by the thyroid gland blets deficient in iodide, ion cause an enlargement of the thyroid gland known as a goiter.